Relations, Direction, and Time

Spatial and relational words

Form	Meaning
`in`	in / inside
`pa`	on / upon
`ned`	under / below; down
`upp`	over / above; up
`med`	with
`unmed`	without
`fra`	from
`til`	to / toward
`for`	for / intended for
`mellom`	between
`þur`	through
`mot`	against / toward opposition
`bak`	behind; back
`fram`	in front of; forward
`ov`	about / concerning / regarding

ov is not a general possessive of. Possession is expressed with -s.

bok ov krig — a book about war
livs end — life’s end

Cardinal directions

nord — north
sudd — south
ost — east
vest — west

Relative directions

upp — up
ned — down
fram — forward / front
bak — back / behind
venst — left
rett — right

Temporal relations

Form	Meaning
`vor`	before
`eft`	after
`medan`	during / while
`sid`	since
`til`	until

Examples:

vor krigen — before the war
eft krigen — after the war
medan krigen — during the war

Time roots and transparent constructions

nu — now
tid — time
tag — day
natt — night
morn — morning
kveld — evening
wek — week
monþ — month
jar — year
mid — middle / midpoint / center

Useful transparent compounds include:

nutag — today
vortag — yesterday
efttag — tomorrow
midtag — midday / noon
midnatt — midnight

The general adjectives erl and latt mean early and late.

No formal 12-hour vm / em notation is part of the language specification.