Function Words

Pronouns

ik — I / me
du — you
vi — we / us
han — he / him
hun — she / her
det — it
de — they / them

Demonstratives and location

þis — this / these
þat — that / those
hir — here
þar — there

Grammar particles and auxiliaries

ett — be / copula
skal — future auxiliary
at — explicit infinitive marker
ne — clause negation
ka — clause-final question marker

Responses

ja — yes
nin — no

Quantity and degree

null — none / no quantity
zumm — some
faa — few / little
mang — many / much
all — all
mer — more
ferr — less / fewer
tuu — too / excessively
zer — very / highly

Addition and sequencing

ogsaa — also / too / as well
furst — first / firstly
nest — next
þan — then
sist — last / finally

Interrogatives

hvem — who
vat — what
hvar — where
nar — when
hvi — why
hur — how
vilk — which

Relations

in — in / inside
pa — on / upon
ned — under / below; down
upp — over / above; up
med — with
unmed — without
fra — from
til — to / toward; until
for — for / intended for
mellom — between
þur — through
mot — against / toward opposition
bak — behind; back
fram — in front of; forward
ov — about / concerning / regarding
vor — before
eft — after
medan — during / while
sid — since

Numeral-building elements

tin — ten-plus / -teen element
-tigg — tens element