Function Words
Pronouns
ik — I / medu — youvi — we / ushan — he / himhun — she / herdet — itde — they / them
Demonstratives and location
þis — this / theseþat — that / thosehir — hereþar — there
þis and þat are invariant for number and may stand alone as pronouns.
Examples:
þis hus — this houseþis husar — these housesik vil þis — I want this
Tense, infinitive, negation, and interrogation
skal — future auxiliaryat — explicit infinitive markerne — clause negationka — clause-final question markerett — to be / copula
at is used when a verb is explicitly treated as an infinitive phrase, especially in noun-like syntactic positions. It is not inserted into ordinary verb chains.
At liv ett at sterf. — To live is to die.ik vil far — I want to go.
Responses
ja — yesnin — no
nin is the standalone negative response. It does not replace ne, which negates a clause.
Degree
tuu — too / excessivelyzer — very / highly
See Numbers and Quantity for examples.
Addition
ogsaa — also / too / as well
Sequencing
furst — first / firstlynest — nextþan — thensist — last / finally
Transparent multiword sequencing expressions include:
eft þat — after thatvor þat — before that
Interrogatives
hvem — whovat — whathvar — wherenar — whenhvi — whyhur — howvilk — which